Cadbury Is A Brand With A Long History Marketing Essay

Cadbury Is A Brand With A Long History Marketing Essay Cadbury is a brand with a long history in New Zealand and a passionate commitment to making everyone feel happy. Cadbury  is a  confectionery  company owned by  Kraft Foods. Its main  headquarter is in London, United Kingdom, and the company operates in more than 50 countries worldwide. John Cadbury shaped the business in 1824 on the name of Cadbury. The business started as a shop in a fashionable place in Birmingham. It sold things such as tea and coffee, mustard and a new sideline cocoa and drinking chocolate, which John Cadbury prepared him using a mortar and pestle.   In 1847 a large factory was rented in Bridge  Street Birmingham. In the mean time John Cadbury was joined by his  brother Benjamin and the name of the business became Cadbury Brothers  of Birmingham.  (Wikipedia, 2010) In 1866 when the brothers  introduced the process of pressing the cocoa butter out of the cocoa  beans. The benefits for the Cadbury brothers was that they could use  the butter to make different types of eating chocolate the first of which was the Cadburys dairy milk.   A description of Cadburys and their aims and objectives Cadbury is an international company that makes market and sells unique brands chocolate. Cadbury have done this successfully for over 200 years. The reason they are so successful is because they have a clear understanding of the needs of their consumers, customers and other stakeholders.   Dunedin is a major centre for Cadbury Schweppes in the region, with the site playing host to Cadbury World and being a major production and distribution centre. (Coursework, 2003) Product and services   Dunedin is a major centre for Cadbury Schweppes in New Zealand and major production of Cadbury chocolates are done here. It is also called a major distribution centre of Chocolate. Some of the major products brands produced by Cadbury includes : Bars  Dairy Milk,  Crunchie,  Caramel,  Wispa,  Boost,  Picnic,  Flake,  Curly Wurly,  Chomp, and  Fudge; chocolate  Buttons; the boxed chocolate brand  Milk Tray and the twist-wrapped chocolates  Heroes. As well as Cadburys chocolate, the company also owns  Maynards  and Halls, and is associated with several types of confectionery including former Trebor and Bassetts brands or products such as Liquorices Allsorts,  Jelly Babies,  Flumps,  Mints,  Dolly Mix,  Black Jack  chews,  Trident gum, and Soft mints.( Indiamart, 2012) Market of interests Cadbury Confectionery Ltd is the most dominant player in chocolate confectionery in New Zealand. The company rebounded from negative media attention in 2009 to reclaim a lost percentage point in value share during 2010, to account for 52%, making it by far the largest player in chocolate confectionery. (Euro monitor, 2011) Chocolate is now one of the best sweet for everyone`s. It includes cocoa in it because of which it seems dark and sweet. The first is the growing share that high-cocoa dark chocolate makes up of the estimated $350 million to $400m of chocolate each year. (Wikipedia, 2012)It changes the tastes of chocolates to darker, richer chocolate the 72% cocoa content Dark Ghana slabs are now Whittakers biggest seller, while 70% cocoa Old Gold is Cadburys fastest-growing line mirrors our increasingly sophisticated taste for everything from coffee and tea, to olive oil and wine. (Whitakers, 2012) Scarborough Fair, which is owned by a consortium of small, private investors in New Zealand and sources its cocoa from Peru, is aiming to foot it in the same large-format bar that has been so successful for Cadbury and Whittaker. Though its bars are slightly lighter (180g compared to 250g), they take up the same footprint on the shelf and the price per gram is only 2.3c, compared to the 1.9c for the dominant players in the supermarket slab market, in which Cadbury has a roughly 70% share, followed by Whittakers which claims roughly a 20% share. (Wikinvest, 2012) Cadbury plc (NYSE:CBY) is  confectionery  company that makes 7.3% of the worlds  chocolate  (by dollar volume), 27% of the worlds gum, and 7.4% of its candy. Australia and New Zealand are CBYs largest markets in the region.  CBY leads the Australian confectionery market with a number one share in chocolate at 53%.  (Wikinvest, 2012)Cadburys main chocolate brand in Australia is Cadbury Dairy Milk and in New Zealand, brands include Cadbury Dairy Milk and Moro. CBY has a number one position in New Zealands confectionery market with a 47% share. Image:CBY_Revenue_and_Net_Profit.jpg (Source: Wikinvest, 2010) Participates in the Global Competitive Marketplace global-confectionery-market-share.ashx.jpeg Trends Cadbury plc, the producer of the Dairy Milk brand has reported a 6 per cent increase in profits last year. The increase in the sales was due to the increase in the marketing investment in the Dairy Milk products. The marketing budget was increased from $87m last year to $120m, which is up 10.8% in respect to sales. Marketing indeed has helped the confectionary company gross a good deal of profit in this global economic storm. (Cadbury, 2012) Cadburys most known brands, Dairy Milk, Halls and Trident helped boost growth by 11 percent. Dairy Milk with its finger licking chocolates obviously was a good performer in the Cadbury headquarters, London. Cadbury chocolates especially Dairy milk makes use of less cocoa in its production thats why its taste is not bitter and colour is not so as dark like other chocolates. So mostly the kids and the adults too opt for this chocolate as their sweet dish only because of its quality and taste. Cadbury is indeed a good example of how marketing strategies can help turn an unfavorable situation in to a favorable one. (Cadbury, 2012) Other Issue Adverse weather conditions have brought about global shortages for raw materials such as sugar and dairy products. Furthermore, political tensions in the Ivory Coast (where most of the worlds cocoa comes from) have pushed up the prices for cocoa. Consequently global commodity prices have surged which had a negative impact on chocolate confectionery manufacturers. Unlike other manufacturers, chocolate confectionery manufacturers have found it difficult to pass on price increases to consumers, given the predominant supermarket strategy to employ promotional pricing. (Euromonitor, 2011).Consequently, individual manufacturers are faced with the decision to either internalize cost increases to secure consumer demand and continue selling products on promotion or pass such costs onto consumers with the potential consequence of losing consumer demand to competitors. The strategy employed by manufacturers depended largely on whether they produced premium chocolate products or not. Premium cho colate product manufacturers found it easier to pass on cost increases, due to the higher price points of their products. Conversely, other manufacturers preferred to internalize their cost increases as much as possible. (Euromonitor, 2011) External Environment impacts Technology The special taste and texture of Cadbury chocolate is based on long traditions of expertise in chocolate recipe and processing methods unique to Cadbury. In this competitive era and due to advancement in science, technologies are improving and getting more reliable for the people and new technology enables the process to be highly tuned to consumers evolving tastes and preferences. Chocolate production is a highly sophisticated, computer controlled process, with much of the new specialist technology and machinery being produced to Cadburys own design and specification. The Dunedin facility employs over 700 personnel and produces in excess of 5,000t of chocolate crumb every year as well as finished products. (Cadbury, 2012). The factory is the largest chocolate manufacturing plant in New Zealand. It supplies finished products for the domestic markets in New Zealand and Australia and, in addition, exports chocolate crumb to Cadbury finishing plants in Australia, Pakistan and China. Dunedin in New Zealand was chosen by Cadbury because of its excellent infrastructure and a plentiful supply of rich milk for chocolate production. Chocolate crumb is a commodity that is in demand globally as the consumption of chocolate per capita worldwide increases to record levels. (Tourism.net, 2012) Political Cadbury food labeling laws are very precise about what can and cannot be called chocolate. Chocolate is any product made from cocoa nibs, cocoa mass, cocoa, fat-reduced cocoa or any combination of two or more of these ingredients, with or without extracted cocoa butter and sucrose. Dark Chocolate must not contain less than 35% total dry cocoa solids, of which at least 14% must be dry non-fat cocoa solids. Milk chocolate must either be 20:20, with a minimum of 20% dry cocoa solids (of which 2.5% non-fat cocoa solids) and a minimum of 20% milk solids (minimum 5% milk fat). Dairy Milk is this type of milk chocolate. (Skillsspace, 2012) 14:25, with a minimum of 25% dry cocoa solids (of which 2.5% non-fat cocoa solids) and a minimum of 14% milk solids (minimum 3.5% milk fat). This type of milk chocolate can be called European or coating chocolate. (Skillsspace, 2012) The Food Standards Agency is responsible for checking that the law is upheld on the safety of materials that come into contact with food (e.g. food processing machinery and packaging) and food labeling. Labels must contain certain information, e.g. the product`s name, the companys name, a list of ingredients, special storage instructions). Companies have to make sure they know what the law is and that they conform to it. Two important laws are: Food Safety Act, 1990 Sale and Supply of Goods Act, 1994 Covers four main areas: Goods must: 1. Labeling 1. Be of a satisfactory quality 2. Additives 2. Fit the description given 3. Composition (or content) 3. Be fit for their purpose as made known to the seller 4. Public health and hygiene. (Source: Skillsspace, 2012) Economics Cadbury Dairy Milk chocolate is the leader chocolate in overall New Zealand. It will now include Fair trade Certified products in its range. Cadbury Dairy Milk chocolate products becoming Fair trade Certified will increase Fair trade chocolate sales 20 fold, and double last years total sales of Fair trade Certified products in New Zealand and Australia. The scale of Cadbury Dairy Milk chocolate going Fair trade is massive with more than 5.7 million Fair trade Certified Cadbury Dairy Milk chocolate blocks in New Zealand and estimated 350 million Fair trade Certified Cadbury Dairy Milk chocolate blocks globally in 2010. (Cadbury, 2012). The move is the result of nearly two years of work with Cadburys Fair trade partners globally. It follows more than 100 years of pioneering ethical chocolate production, including the ground-breaking Cadbury Cocoa Partnership where Cadbury is providing NZ$120 million over 10 years to improve the lives of cocoa farmers. (ChocolateCarnival, 2009) Cadbury has invested NZ$69 million to turn Dunedin into a specialist factory and secure manufacturing and jobs in New Zealand. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ In the wake of rising operating and ingredient costs, Cadbury is reducing manufacturing costs so its products remain affordable at the checkout. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The Dunedin upgrade into a world class specialist manufacturing facility is almost complete and it will make iconic products such as Cadbury Jaffas, Pascall Pineapple Lumps, Cadbury Chocolate Fish, Cadbury Pinky, and boxed chocolates for Australia and New Zealand as well as chocolate crumb, the base ingredient in Cadbury Dairy Milk chocolate.(Cadburyworld, 2012) Cadbury Confectionery today confirmed that the restructuring of its New Zealand and Australian manufacturing operations into specialized Centers of Manufacturing Excellence is in its final stage. The project, originally announced back in September 2007 (with a further communication in August 2008) has already seen investment of $NZ69 million to improve the productivity, and secure the long-term future, of its New Zealand manufacturing operations. (Cadbury, 2012) Social culture The culture of Cadburys started out being paternalistic as the company was devoted to making its employees feel welcome and valued within the company. Cadburys relied on its staff very heavily as without a vast employee base the company would not be the big corporation it is today. Cadburys built their famous Bourneville site along with accommodation for gaining the attractions of an employee so the workforce would be close to their place of business. Along with this the factory was built in the middle of a garden so when employees had finished work or were on a break they had somewhere to relax as well as socialize with other colleges on a Sunday as the factory was closed. Today Cadburys have become a company who has a culture, which is interested in keeping its stakeholders happy. Along with this and the advancement in technology Cadburys have now lost its broad employee range and replaced it with machines and now only employ enough staff to keep the machines going. By being stakeholder driven the company has now become controlled by shareholders who are mainly interested in the company making a profit. (123helpme, 2011) Demography Demography is the main thing if someone is selling the products. Cadbury, from his very beginning, has a same focus on his demography factors. Cadbury focuses on all the people whether its a child, youngsters, teenagers or oldies. The story starts with Once upon a time in 1948à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ when Cadbury entered the Indian market. It originated from a town in the United Kingdom, Bourneville in 1905. (Cadbury, 2012) As the Cadburys official web site suggests, its journey in India has been an eventful one. In the early 1990s, it tried to cater to the sweet tooth of the children. Those days they steered the market and took control over the companys major market share. However, the strategy changed by letting out the secret that Everyone has a child inside and thus everyone craves for the taste of chocolate. Cadbury strategies went through a considerable change. It now catered from children to adults. There is some differentiation targeting as a variety of Cadbury products are available to cater for the individual needs of different groups of customers. But nowadays the people are suffering with diabetes. So the diabetic segment people started use of less chocolate or sugar free thing. Diabetes: Diabetes occurs when there is too much glucose (sugar) in the blood. Over time, this can cause damage to many parts of the body. Diabetes is common about 170,000 people in New Zealand have diabetes and rising rapidly as more of us are getting fatter. Based on the most likely future scenario, the diabetes epidemic is forecast to grow rapidly over the 15 years from 1996 to 2011. (Healthnavigator, 2012) Forecast increase in number of (diagnosed) diabetics, 1996 to 2011 (Source: Healthnavigator, 2012) Economy In December 2006 Cadbury Schweppes, the well-known confectionery manufacturer, announced the expansion of its operation in New Zealand on the South Island in the city of Dunedin. The expansion project required a total investment of NZ$69m (à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬39m). (Cadburyworld, 2012). In August 2008, an additional investment was announced taking the total amount of investment in the project to NZ$69m. Part of the investment was contributed through the Investment New Zealand Strategic Investment Fund. This amount was around NZ$2m and was granted ostensibly for Cadbury to establish an international chocolate crumb research and product development centre at the Dunedin site. (Tourism, 2012) Cadbury contributed a further NZ$17.5m for new buildings, plant and environmental work. The company provided a further NZ$500,000 for the RD centre. (Foodprocessing, 2012). Contractors working for Cadbury Schweppes included Production Logistics NZ for control system integration and software development for the manufacturing control systems. Streak Automation has also worked on the Pack100 Wrapper Automation upgrade that involved the redesign and upgrade of the PLC and servo controls and mechanics for the high-speed wrapping machine, which wraps all of the small-size chocolate at the site. Finally, the manufacturing areas (surfaces, pipes, machinery and ceilings) at Dunedin use a special paint with low volatiles (low odor) to avoid tainting the products. (Foodprocessing-technology, 2011) Competitors: Whittaker In 1890, James Henry Whittaker came to NZ and brought his chocolate knowledge from working for a confectioner in England at 14. Since 1896 he has been making Australasias premium chocolate. Today it is still owned and run by the Whittaker family. All the products are made in the factory in Porirua, Wellington and they source the best ingredients from all around the world. The Whittakers range now includes 65 delicious different treats. (Whittaker, 2012). It is exported to countries such as Singapore, Australia, Vietnam and India. The milk chocolate contains 33% cocoa, compared to their competitor, Cadbury, whose milk chocolate only contains 21% cocoa. The dark chocolate contains 50% to 72% cocoa. The cocoa comes from Ghana and Madagscar so it is some of the best quality chocolate in the world. It is all Halah accredited by FIANZ (excluding Rum and Raisin) and all gluten free (except Kiwifruit Block and Toffee Milks). Milk also isnt an ingredient in the dark chocolate which is great f or the lactose intolerant and for vegans. (Whittaker, 2012) Four P`s Product Packaging Branding Blocks, Slab, Chunks, Sante, Toffee Milk, Bars, Square Dark Ghana Pips Place- Service Stations Super Market Stores Dairys and convenience stores Price- Low price with best quality Promotion- Internet Posters TV advertisements Nestle Henri Nestlà © gave his name to what is now the worlds largest food and beverage business, with over 280,000 employees, 456 factories in 84 countries and sales of more than $140 billion in 2008. In our region, Nestlà © products have been available since the 1880s and in 1885; around 125 years ago, the company was first registered in New Zealand. (Nestle, 2012) Four P`s Product- Bars Blocks Place- Service Stations Super Market Stores Dairys and convenience stores Price- Nestle again decides it price on the basis of competition. The best think about the company nestle is that it is very flexible and it can come down with the price very quickly. Promotion- Advertisements Personal Selling Sales Promotion Publicity and Public Relations Marketing Mixes and Profitability: 1. Whittaker: Whittakers markets a range of 250g Blocks, Slabs, Santà © Bars and Chunks in supermarkets. In the molded Block Chocolate market, Whittakers has made a quantum jump in sales and retail sales for the brand at the end of May 2009 were $17 million with growth of 62.7% pushing sales at the end of May 2010 to $27.6m. This is a market that only grew 12.2% (Aztec Molded Block Market MAT). (Whittaker, 2012) In addition, the company launched two new 250g Block varieties: Dark Peppermint and Milk Madagascar. The Dark Peppermint matches the 72% Dark Ghana with a fresh peppermint fondant, while Milk Madagascar is the first major chocolate block launched in New Zealand using beans from Madagascar. The beans give the chocolate a citrus note with hints of caramel and honey. Both varieties report success and a good reception from consumers. (Stuff, 2012) Whittakers Peanut Slabs, Santà © Bars and Chunks have also shown strong growth in the Enrobed Chocolate market, with sales growing 20.6% over the past 12 months (Aztec Enrobed Market MAT) in a market which grew by 8%. (Whitakers, 2012) 2. Nestle: Henri Nestlà © gave his name to what is now the worlds largest food and beverage business, with over 280,000 employees, 456 factories in 84 countries and sales of more than $140 billion in 2008. In our region, Nestlà © products have been available since the 1880s and in 1885; around 125 years ago, the company was first registered in New Zealand. (Nestle, 2012) Nestlà © Kit Kat is the number one sub brand within the Bar Chunky segment with 14% value share of Bar Chunky in Total Supermarkets, and growing at 27% MAT, well ahead of the Bar segment growth of 11%. (FMCG, 2012). As market leader of this segment Nestlà © continues to invest in Kit Kat communication to shoppers and consumers through a broad spectrum of media including TV, press and online with the Working like a Machine campaign. Also the market leader in white chocolate with good value share (ACNielsen Scan data to 23/05/2010), Nestlà © Milky bar has recently launched No Artificial Colours or Flavours to increase the brands appeal even more. (FMCG, 2012) Graph- From the above research and explanations the marketing positioning of the Cadbury and his competitors are given below in the pie chart. Potential With consumers becoming even more concerned with healthy eating Cadburys would be wise to look into producing a low fat or fat free chocolate range. The advantages of this, as well as the British market, could open a potential US market where people are becoming more aware of healthy eating such as the Atkins diet. (123helpme, 2011) If we talk about Whittaker chocolate, it is one of the chocolate which makes use of large amount cocoa which changes the chocolate into the dark one but large excess of it makes the chocolate bitter as well. There are large numbers of customers who opt for the dark chocolate. But nowadays people goes for a less sugar or sugar free chocolates. So it is must for a Whittaker to get new varieties with less cocoa. But no doubt the main potential of Whittaker is pure coca and cocoa butter with no vegetable fats. Nestle is mainly known for its white chocolate that is milky bar. No other chocolate brand produces such a high growth sale chocolate. (Nestle, 2012) Market Segments: Cadbury the chocolate leader aims to target all individuals who consume chocolate. Thus, it does have any specific segmentation targets. Cadbury chocolates are eaten by people of all ages, sexes, cultures, educational backgrounds, regions and on all occasions. It is not just for a taste but also people taste it on the celebration occasions. However, there is some differentiation targeting as a variety of Cadbury products are available to cater for the individual needs of different groups of customers. For example, a family block (350g) is available for families, Cadbury favourites is available as a gift while Flakes, Crunchie and Cherry Ripe is for individual use. (Chocolatecarnival, 2012) Customers of Cadbury chocolate need a product that satisfies their desire for some quality chocolate. The taste of Cadbury chocolate is the benchmark amongst chocolate lovers. Chocolate is consumed as a snack or after meal desert as well as a gift product for all occasions. Chocolate is gifted during birthdays, special occasions such as Valentines Day and Mothers Day, gifted to guests at a wedding, celebrating victories as well as gifted while visiting relatives and friends. (Chocolatestuff, 2012) But nowadays people are becoming health conscious. With consumers becoming even more concerned with healthy eating Cadbury would be wise to look into producing a low fat or fat free chocolate range. The advantages of this, as well as the Australian market, could open a potential NZ market where people are becoming more aware of healthy eating such as the Atkins diet. But there existed some complaints from the customers that in the Cadbury dairy milk chocolate packet of 200g there was only a 180g so it hit the customer`s mind. (Cadbury, 2012). Then the sale or image of Cadbury got low somehow but then again Cadbury produces new products with different ingredients and again it has attracted the people towards them. And the variation is given below. graph2-300239.jpg This has been a steep learning curve for Cadbury and to their credit; they have really worked to rectify the situation. They reverted to the old recipe in NZ and apologized. However, even their apology to the public didnt go to plan. When Cadbury used large press ads to make apologies for their actions, they neglected the space which caused them all the issues in the first place. As it is found from the New Zealand statistics report that the total number of population is 4,431,043. It includes the entire age sectors group. Out of it 200,000 people have diabetes. So currently the main focus of Cadbury is on the people who are non diabetic 4,231,043. So Cadbury is launching different products to cater the needs of this large mass of people. (stas.gov.nz, 2012) The pie chart shows the sectors of diabetic and non diabetic people and is given below: Internal Environment impacts: Financial analysis Cadbury has invested NZ$69 million to turn Dunedin into a specialist factory and secure manufacturing and jobs in New Zealand. Cadbury Confectionery today confirmed that the restructuring of its New Zealand and Australian manufacturing operations into specialized Centers of Manufacturing Excellence is in its final stage. The project, originally announced back in September 2007 (with a further communication in August 2008) has already seen investment of $NZ69 million to improve the productivity, and secure the long-term future, of its New Zealand manufacturing operations. (Cadbury.co.nz, 2012) Internal organization and structure Cadbury organization is based on a democratic. Management style decisions are made as a result of a consultation process involving various members of the organization (Cadbury). Cadbury Schweppes also have two different structures. The structure that they use for their board of directors has been re-designed to clarify accountability and enable swifter diction-making. (Quote taken from www.cadburyschweppes.com). Looking at the improved organization structure it is clear to see who is in charge of which departments within the business. (123Helpme, 2012) Looking at Cadburys it is clear to see that the company, over time, has delivered the amount of: Workforce it employees and replaced them with more efficient machines. Outsourcing areas of the company like maintenance and market research. Employees are now multi skilled, thus able to work in more than one area of the business. The company has increased its production and profitability or the restructuring. The Cadbury factories all work independently and the company as a hole is decentralized as each factory uses the resources (E.g. milk) of the country they are in. (123Helpme, 2011) Manufacturing/services processes Flow chart of Process Analysis at Cadbury (Source: Slideshare, 2010) Human Resource- Each of Cadburys factories have a HR department, which deal with the factories demand for: 1. New staff with a good skill level or possible past factory experience. 2. Train new/current staff to be able to use new equipment correctly and efficiently. 3. Help current employees with any problems they may have in their work place. (123Helpme, 2011) 5) Management- Cadburys management style is democratic. This is when all members of staff work together as a team. The managers listen to the other employees ideas and suggestions before they go ahead with decisions. If ideas are found to be achievable and successful by the senior group, then it is taken forward. Then as a team they reach a decision. The approach of this style is that they care and listen to everyone in the teams view and what they think not just their own. This style can be used in both large and small groups. (Cadbury, 2012). It would work well in large motivated groups because they can come to a decision a lot quicker, but in a smaller group they can fail with coming up with a decision amongst themselves and will need real guidance and direction. If a decision cannot be made then a vote will take place and the outcome will be the one with the most votes. This management style is good for Cadbury because it motivates workers; with having power and decision-making and through this it allows them to be involved in the business. (Cadbury, 2012) 6) Research and Development The Science Product Development teams significantly influence the development of strategic plans and initiatives, leading cross functional teams to resolve technical and business challenges. They are relentless champions of continuous improvement, identifying new programs and insights to benefit the business, significantly contributing and influencing the direction of strategic initiatives to leverage us to a sustainable competitive advantage. (Itsyourkindofplace, 2011) Marketing Function Cadbury believes that parents and guardians are the most important influence in the development of children. They do not advertise where children under the age of eight years are likely to be the majority of the audience. They also do not believe that its appropriate to sell our confectionery products through vending machines in primary schools and we will not do so. Cadbury will only provide vending machines in secondary schools when were asked to do so by the education or school authority, and when the products meet nutritional guidelines set by the authority. Cadbury organization is proud of its brands. They provide fun and enjoyment as treats or refreshment, and are valued for their functional benefits. They can be enjoyed as part of a balanced diet and lifestyle. They provide choice by offering variety and through innovation and encourage responsible consumption, as this is central to consumers continuing to enjoy our brands. (Cadbury, 2012) Location- Cadbury is a brand with a long history in New Zealand. Cadbury is a confectionery company owned by Kraft Foods and is the industrys second-largest globally after Mars, Incorporated. Headquartered London, United Kingdom, the company operates in more than 50 countries worldwide. It has main branches in Australia, England, New Zealand and South Africa. In New Zealand the main factory is in Dunedin. (Wikipedia, 2012) External Relationship- William was the second son of Richard Cadbury, who has strong Quaker traditions which influenced his whole life. William Cadbury established the Trust soon after his two years as Lord Mayor of Birmingham from 1919 to 1921, wishing to give more help to the causes in which he was interested. One such was the building of the Queen Elizabeth Hospital, a medical centre with the space and facilities to bring together the small specialized hospitals scattered throughout Birmingham, giving them the benefit of up to date buildings, shared administration, shared services and hostels for nurses. Through this charity, he also secured several properties for the National Trust. (Bstrust, 2012) Today trustees are guided by William Cadburys concern for the welfare and wellbeing of the i

Socio cultural and traditional practices on breastfeeding

It is a good established fact from assorted extended researches since old ages that suckling patterns have extended consequence on immature kid ‘s wellness and mortality particularly in developing states. â€Å" Assorted life-long effects such as impaired cognitive development, intelligence, strength, growing and development are associated with Undernutrition due to hapless breastfeeding patterns at the initial stage of kid ‘s life. † Harmonizing to WHO, major proportion of deceases under 5 old ages of age are associated with malnutrition. From assorted researches published in Lancet in the twelvemonth 2003, it is revealed that there would hold been a decrease of about 13 per centum of child deceases if the per centum of sole suckling up to six months reaches to 90 % and breastfeeding is continued thenceforth for around two old ages of age. India has a really high Infant Mortality Rate of 57 % and the major ground for this high mortality rate is malnutrition which is a common issue here. Uttar Pradesh ranks 2nd with Infant mortality rate of 81 per 1000 unrecorded births. National Family Health Survey study shows that Uttar Pradesh stands at 2nd place to Bihar in figure of malnutrition instances amongst kids less than 5 old ages of age. This substantiates why there are lower rates of kid endurance in Uttar Pradesh. The breastfeeding indexs for India ( harmonizing to WHO guidelines ) are far from the optimum mark. Harmonizing to the DLHS-3 in twelvemonth 2008, per centum of kids in India having suckling within an hr after birth is 40.5 and it is farther really low in UP with merely 15.4 % . Similarly, sole breastfeeding rate upto 5 months amongst Indian kids is 46.8 % while its lowest in UP with merely 19.4 % . A survey conducted by Sinha et.al reveals that in Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu breastfeeding patterns and absten tion are greatly influenced by the societal, cultural and traditional patterns and coevals age difference. Through this survey, it is aimed to research the socio-cultural and traditional beliefs and patterns act uponing the breastfeeding patterns in rural portion of Uttar Pradesh ( India ) in order to do recommendation for effectual schemes to better suckling index. Study capable and method: The method used for this survey will be ethnographic qualitative research methodological analysis. This survey is proposed to be conducted in four small towns of UP, India. The survey population comprises of female parents of kids with age group of 0 to 23 months and their mother-in-laws. Besides a group of small town wellness commission members, ASHA workers and traditional birth attenders will be a portion of this survey. Triangulation of two research informations aggregation techniques i.e. FGDs and In-depth interviews will be preferred for informations aggregation. Data analysis will be done by integrating it in qualitative research packages such as NVivo or Atlas utilizing thematic analysis. This survey will be for merely a short continuance of 6 months with the attempts to accomplish the maximal consequences with minimum resources. The budget for this complete survey along with the airing of cardinal findings comes to US $ 41,087.Background:Introduction to the subject Breastfeeding patterns impacts well on the wellness of an baby and immature kid as he/she grows. Relation between the breastfeeding patterns with wellness and mortality rate of baby and immature kid is good established through assorted extended researches since old ages. It is the best alimentary and immune fluid the babe receives in its natural signifier which is most suited for babe ‘s metamorphosis. Particularly in developing states where hygiene and sanitation is one of the major concerns, sole chest eating helps in minimising the hazard of consumption of disease doing agents ( Anandaiah, R. et al. , 2000 ) . Adequate proportion of chest milk satisfies about all the nutritionary demand of an baby for atleast the first six months of babe ‘s life ( Reddy, S. 1995 ) . Children who are breastfed have better neurodevelopment results, and the continuance of suckling besides affects a kid ‘s intelligence. ( IBFAN et al. 2005 ) . Assorted researches have proved a positive impact of chest eating on baby and immature kid survival particularly among the population with elevated baby mortality and deprived socioeconomic status peculiarly among rural kids with hapless households and deficiency of safe imbibing H2O and sanitation installations ( Cited by Anandaiah, R. et al. , 2000 ; Palloni et al. , 1986 ; Retherford et Al in 1989 ) . A set of guidelines is recommended by WHO for infant eating patterns in developing states on the footing of assorted researches that provinces: â€Å" Breastfeeding should be initiated instantly after childbearing. Babies should have merely chest milk up to 4-6 months of age. At such immature ages, no other nutrients or liquids are recommended. Get downing at age of 6 months, equal and appropriate auxiliary nutrients should be added to the baby ‘s diet in order to supply sufficient foods for optimum growing. It is recommended that suckling continues, in combination with auxiliary nutrients, up to the 2nd birthday or beyond ( World Health Organization. 1991, P. 4 ) . † Situation/ Problem Analysis. Malnutrition during the initial stage of kid ‘s life leads to life-long serious growing and developmental effects and its consequence becomes about irreversible if occurs during the first two old ages of important stage of kid ‘s growing. The steep rise in malnutrition amongst kids during first two old ages of life reflects upon hapless infant eating patterns. Adequate and proper eating in the initial stage of kid ‘s life helps in forestalling malnutrition and ensures proper growing and development of kids. As per WHO study, malnutrition histories for more than half of all under five deceases. Improper eating had lead to two-third of all deceases under five old ages of age. As mentioned above researches published in Lancet in 2003 shows that 13-16 % child deceases can be prevented by increasing the coverage of sole breastfeeding for first six months to 90 % and so continued feeding for about two old ages ( BPNI, 2006 ) . Malnutrition being widespread in India, it is accountable for about 55 % of the kid mortality. It can be prevented by advancing sole chest eating upto 6 months and uninterrupted breastfeeding for 2 old ages and beyond as per the WHO guidelines for developing states and recommended by planetary public wellness ( Gupta, A. et al. , 2004 ) . In India babes are normally breastfed but the rate for early induction of chest eating and sole chest eating upto 6 months is rather low ( Oommen, A. et al. , 2009 ) . After birth about 49 % of the babes are given prelacteal provenders such as honey and farther sugar H2O ( normally used ) , apparent H2O, unreal milk, etc as per the cultural and traditional beliefs and rites. Around 20 % of babes are besides given solid nutrient addendum along with the chest milk during the first four to six months of the life. Some of the Key suckling Indexs of India as per DLHS-3 and its comparing with UP province is as below: Child feeding patterns as per DLHS-3 ( Year 2008 ) India ( % ) Uttar Pradesh ( % ) Rate of suckling within one hr in kids upto 3 old ages 40.5 15.4 Rate of sole breastfeeding for 0-5 months kids 46.8 19.4 Rate of sole breastfeeding for 6 months for kids of 6-35 months 25.5 8.2 Rate of 6-9 months kids having solid/semi-solid nutrient and chest milk 57.1 54.5 Indian cultural and traditional beliefs have strong influence on wellness related patterns of its population. A survey conducted by BPNI showed that due to the traditional and cultural belief ‘s influence, sole breastfeeding rate is low and the usage of supplying pre-lacteal provender is widespread. The above given figures reflects that infant eating patterns in India are far from range of recognized rates. ( Gupta, A. et al. , 2004 ) A survey was conducted by R. K. Sinha and A. Pradhan on cultural impact of suckling patterns and abstention in Uttar Pradesh and Tamilnadu, India. They found that in Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu breastfeeding patterns and abstention are greatly influenced by societal, cultural and traditional patterns and coevals age difference ( Sinha, R. et al. , 2000 ) . I want to further research the socio-cultural and traditional beliefs and patterns act uponing the breastfeeding patterns in rural Uttar Pradesh ( India ) in order to do recommendation for effectual schemes to better suckling status/indicator. Research inquiry or hypothesis: What are the socio-cultural and traditional beliefs and patterns act uponing the breastfeeding patterns in rural portion of Uttar Pradesh ( India ) ?Already Known:India has a really high Infant Mortality Rate of 57 % . ( NFHS-III, Jan 2008 ) . Uttar Pradesh has 2nd highest Infant Mortality Rate of 81 per 1000 unrecorded births. It besides has highest less than five mortality rate. ( Indicus Analytical, 2008 ) Malnutrition is the most common cause of immature kid mortality in India accounting for approximately 55 % of entire child deceases. National Family Health Survey study shows that Uttar Pradesh stands at 2nd place to Bihar in figure of malnutrition instances amongst kids less than 5 old ages of age. This substantiates why there are lower rates of kid endurance in Uttar Pradesh. ( NRHM, 2010 ) As per District Level Household and Facility Survey indexs for the kid feeding patterns in Uttar Pradesh is highly hapless and unacceptable ( informations shown in table above )My Study Will Add:This survey aims to look into assorted single, experiential, socio-cultural and traditional beliefs and patterns ‘ influence on breastfeeding patterns By the results of the survey recommendations can be made for effectual schemes to better the position of chest eating in rural Uttar Pradesh, IndiaAim and aims:Purpose: This survey intends to research the socio-cultural and traditional beliefs and patterns act uponing the breastfeeding patterns in rural portion of Uttar Pradesh ( India ) in order to do recommendation for effectual schemes to better breastfeeding indexAims:To look into single, experiential, socio-cultural and traditional beliefs and patterns ‘ influence on breastfeeding patterns To urge effectual schemes sing the findings of the survey to better the position of chest eating in Uttar Pradesh, IndiaProposed research methodological analysis:The research method to be used to reply this research inquiry is qualitative research method.Study Design:â€Å" Ethnography is a qualitative research methodological analysis used for descriptive surveies of civilizations and people. † Hence, Ethnographic survey design will be used here to look into the socio-cultural and traditional beliefs and patterns act uponing the breastfeeding patterns as there is a call for inductive qualitative research to understand the socio-cultural and traditional beliefs related to suckling and research that identifies beliefs and patterns that may be hinderance for early induction of chest eating, foremilk eating and care of sole suckling harmonizing to WHO guidelines for developing states.Study Area:Uttar Pradesh province of India has a population of 90,415. Number of kids age 12-23 mo nths are 11,990 out of which 10,181 of these kids lives in rural portion of Uttar Pradesh. There are 62.5 % of married adult females who are non-literate ( non able to read and compose ) and 65.4 % of them reside in rural countries. Actually major proportion of Indian population resides in rural parts in smaller units called small towns where literacy rate is low particularly amongst females as compared to males. This survey is proposed to be conducted in two small towns of Barabanki and two small towns of Sultanpur territory of Uttar Pradesh ( Maps of Uttar Pradesh, 2010 ) .Study Population:India has cardinal authorities at national degree and farther province and local authorities. Within Local Government there are two bifurcations: ‘Panchayats ‘ ( rural ) and ‘Municipalities ‘ ( urban ) . The Panchayats are formed by locally available resources and is divided into â€Å" small town panchayets † , â€Å" panchayet samities † , and â€Å" terr itory panchayets † . An enterprise called National Rural Health Mission ( NRHM ) is started by wellness ministry to guarantee effectual health care at single, family, community, and wellness system degrees. National Rural Health Mission makes proviso of â€Å" ASHA or Accredited Social Health Activist for every 1000 people † . ASHA worker is chosen from small town and trained to work as a nexus between community and wellness system. ( NRHM, 2010 ) At small town degree there is a small town wellness commission. The survey population for this survey comprises of female parents of kids with age group of 0 to 23 months and their mother-in-laws. Besides a group of small town wellness commission members and traditional birth attenders will be a portion of this survey.Sampling Technique and Sample Size:Two qualitative research techniques will be used for this research survey. Focus Group Discussion: Focus Group Discussions will be done to be cognizant of the socio-cultural and traditional beliefs and patterns most prevailing among this population that is act uponing the breastfeeding patterns. Entire 12 FGD ‘s are proposed to be conducted with each dwelling of a little group of 6-8 members. In-depth interviews: Purposive and convenience trying method will be used for in-depth semi-structured interview. It is proposed that about 32 interviews will be conducted in four small towns ( eight interviews in each small town ) selected indiscriminately within Uttar Pradesh province. But farther alteration in Numberss can be applicable depending upon the impregnation point for the informations aggregation.Data Collection Method:A ‘question matrix ‘ will be developed at the really beginning of planing the information aggregation tool. â€Å" A inquiry matrix is a tabular array that allows you to put out the subjects ( frequently matching to the aims of your research ) , more item on the information required, the informations aggregation method, the beginning ( i.e. the participant / papers ) and, eventually, some bill of exchange inquiries. † ( Designing informations aggregation tools by Dr Rebecca King ) Data will be collected by triangulation of two informations aggregation techniques i.e. FGDs and In-depth interviews. Initially FGDs will be conducted followed by In-depth interviews as the subjects and cardinal findings emerged from FGD ‘s will be used for farther geographic expedition under the in-depth interviews. Field proving or navigation of the informations aggregation tools will be done to look into its pertinence and relevancy one time before originating the full-fledge survey. Focus Group Discussion: Three FGDs will be done for each small town selected indiscriminately with three different groups – female parents ‘ group, mother-in-laws ‘ group and the 3rd group consisting of few small town wellness commission members and traditional birth attenders. It will be arranged at topographic point where small town wellness commission meetings are held with their anterior permission. Altogether 12 FGDs will be done, each dwelling of 6-8 members. FGD ‘s will be conducted by adept qualitative research workers sooner from the same part as being good versed with local linguistic communication. Each FGD will prosecute two individuals ; facilitator and note taker. With informed consent voice recording equipment will be utilised to enter the FGDs along with the notes from the note taker who will concentrate on the of import subjects, issues to follow-up through an in-depth interview, organic structure linguistic communication and looks of partici pants. The estimated continuance for one FGD would be around two hours including the ice-breaker activity at the beginning of FGD. These FGDs will research the socio-cultural and traditional beliefs and patterns most prevailing among this population that is act uponing the breastfeeding patterns and is responsible for the lower chest feeding index in the province. Single FGD will be held in a twenty-four hours, followed by written text and interlingual rendition of informations collected on the same twenty-four hours. Accuracy of the quality of informations translated will be ensured by back cheque of the interlingual rendition. In-depth interviews: A semi structured questionnaire with unfastened ended inquiries will be developed to carry on the in-depth interviews utilizing the identified subjects and cardinal information from the FGD ‘s conducted and besides from the findings of relevant old researches/literature. An interview inquiry usher will be developed dwelling of general clear ended inquiries on the chief subject followed by a scope of examining inquiries based on that peculiar subject to be explored. Interviews will be done by sing the interviewees in their ain house clasp puting but taking attention that a complete interview can be held without an external disturbance/interference. A tape recording equipment ( verbatim ) and field notes will be collected. It is intended that entire 32 interviews will be conducted, spliting it every bit into 8 interviews for each of the four small towns under survey. Further bifurcation of these eight interviews for each small town is made between female pare nts, mother-in-laws, village wellness commission members, ASHA worker, traditional birth attenders, etc. It should be exhaustively considered that this is an estimated figure and it can alter based on the impregnation point of the informations retrieved. Interviews will last for 1 to 2 hours and it would be made certain that no more than 2 interviews will be done by each informations aggregation officer on a individual twenty-four hours so that collected informations can be transcribed sooner on the same twenty-four hours to maximise the retrieval of informations collected. During the procedure of the interview, ab initio the respondent will be made comfy, explained the purposes and aims of this survey, provided the information sheet and informed consent and eventually informed that they can halt at any clip if they wish and ask if they have any farther inquiry in their head. [ Green and Thorogood 2004: 97 ]Datas Analysis Plan:If possible informations will be transcribed on same twenty-four hours of informations aggregation in order to obtain a written ‘script ‘ of the FGD and interviews to analyze. Transcribed informations will be farther translated from local linguistic communication to English. This information will be incorporated into qualitative research informations package such as NVivo along with the natural information in the signifier of voice recording and farther reviewed by an expert research worker. The information of the transcript will farther be organised, indexed and chief subjects will be identified from it. A cryptograph y frame will be developed and the informations will be rearranged harmonizing to this cryptography frame. Further by incorporating expertness, reading of informations will be done and happening will be reported. Analytic method to be used here will be thematic analysis utilizing thematic webs.Potential hazards:Inappropriate clip for informations aggregation: Data will be collected from females due to its relevancy to the research survey. Women in rural countries are really much occupied by their family jobs and work. It is really hard for them to be available at a peculiar clip. Hence anterior assignment will be made and interviews and FGDs will be conducted at their convenience. Unsuitable topographic point for informations aggregation: Due to sensitiveness of the subject and to avoid any intervention or biased responses, FGDs will be conducted off from their place at a peculiar suited topographic point where the group of female participants can talk up/open up. For interviews it is hard for them to name up at a peculiar topographic point, hence it will be conducted by place visit but attention will be taken about avoiding any intervention by keeping privateness. Trouble in placing right age of kids and remembering the exact continuance: Due to take down literacy rate it is hard to remember or right place the age of their kids. Therefore local calendar, festivals, fasting months, raining or reaping seasons will be used to assist female parents remember right clip. Garbage to talk or halt the interview: Look at the sensitiveness of the subject ; it will take some clip for them to open up. In Indian society many rural adult females are still really submissive and would some clip garbage to talk on a peculiar sensitive point or would likely non like to farther go on the interview or treatment. In that instance the interview will be discontinued as per the involuntariness. Cultural stigma: In the Indian civilization adult females would non discourse on subject such as chest eating patterns with a male so lone female informations roll uping forces will be used. Data aggregation prejudice, misunderstanding and incorrect paraphrasing: Interviewers good versed with the local linguistic communication and civilization will be appointed to avoid such errors. Missing or uncomplete informations: The questionnaires will be reviewed by supervisor before go forthing small town or block so as to maintain a cheque on any lost or ill-defined informations. Refusal for entering the interview or FGD: It is expected that some respondents particularly adult females can decline to enter the FGD or interview harmonizing to Indian traditions. In that state of affairs note-taker will observe the treatment with the aid of another individual who facilitates the treatment easy and non hotfooting, reiterating the responses to do certain that the note-taker note everything and the transcripts will be reviewed by both to finish any lost informations. Early feedback by ongoing informations analysis will assist minimising the opportunities of reiterating the same errors in informations aggregation.Ethical and Gender Equity issues:At state degree: Ethical blessing will be sought from MoHFW, MCH and secretariat general. Besides a descriptive missive will be provided to local authorities and small town panchayet to acquire their permission for transporting out the survey. In the Interview on family degree: At the beginning, the participant/respondent ( female parent, mother-in-law, ASHA worker, traditional birth attender, small town wellness commission member ) will be explained rationale behind the survey and permission will be sought from the caput of the household and the adult females take parting. They will be ensured about the namelessness and privateness of their responses. If agreed, further their informed written and verbal consent will be taken. They will besides be informed that they can halt at any clip if they wish and ask if they have any farther inquiry in their head. The participant will so be interviewed in her house with no 1 else around to maintain the responses confidential. During the note pickings, each respondent will be given a figure and respondent ‘s designation will be noted down in separate sheet along with the codification to acknowledge them for finishing losing informations. By making this their namelessness will be maintained. After completing the interview, if the respondent asks for any information or aid, interviewer can assist with that and suggest referral when needed. In the Focus Group Discussion: Consent will be obtained from all the respondents for audio recording of the FGD, after explicating them the intent of the survey. On understanding the treatment will be recorded but in instance of refusal, which is expected, the note-taker will take notes on the treatment.Gender Equity:As this survey is related to female and child wellness, the major engagement of will be of female respondents. Although it will be taken attention of that gender equality is maintained by equal engagement of both groups in survey design, informations aggregation and supervising, information analysis, drumhead readying and airing.Dissemination Plan:To do certain that the result of this survey will be utilised to better the chest eating patterns and highly low index in the Uttar Pradesh, following stairss will be taken ; In order to hold better acceptableness and integrating of the findings in the bing national enterprise for bettering the chest eating patterns, MOH and authorities governments will be involved in the research planning and processing. It will ease the procedure of acquiring their averment to program and implement schemes and put the recommendations in to pattern. Aga Khan Health Service India is presently implementing a â€Å" Maitreya Project † funded by World Bank on ‘Social Capital: A slingshot for bettering infant feeding ‘ in Gujarat part. Findingss from this survey can assist in developing effectual schemes and can be incorporated in the bing undertaking and farther replicated in Uttar Pradesh and other similar provinces with low index There is a Breastfeeding Promotion Network of India and besides some NGO ‘s which are working for the baby and kid wellness which will be indulged in be aftering for better committedness to work on bettering this. On completion of this research, the consequence will be disseminated by: Summary of the cardinal findings will be distributed to UNICEF, WHO, MoHFW, BPNI, AKF, AKHSI, and assorted other administrations working for the baby and kid wellness in order to guarantee that they are made cognizant about the consequence of this survey. Transcripts of the survey results will be circulated in assorted institutes for community medical specialty and pediatric sections to portion the findings with the academic staff. Provision of the transcript of the research result will be made available to assorted libraries in MOH, UNICEF, modules of medical specialty and wellness institutes and besides to free databases to do certain that it can be assessed by pupils and wellness professionals. Seminars and Workshops will be conducted aiming assorted stakeholders such as NGOs, MOH, international organisations, and faculty members to show the research outcomes and to discourse the recommendations made for possible intercessions. Findingss will be shared in the regional workshop â€Å" Promoting Child Survival, Nutrition and Health by accomplishing optimum IYCF patterns † held in India every twelvemonth. Health Promotion squad will be encouraged to concentrate on the wrong socio-cultural and traditional beliefs and patterns act uponing the breastfeeding patterns through wellness instruction massages by mass-media and wellness consciousness runs. The airing program besides requires peculiar budget and clip reflected in the budget and activities timetable given below.Forces and stuffs:ParticularsNumber requiredSenior Researcher or Senior Research Manager 1 Research Coordinator 1 Field Supervisor for Research 2 Research Assistant 8 Research Trainer 1 Data entry/typing clerk 4 Administrator 1 Room and projector 1 Training Material 16 Refreshments 16 ten 6 yearss Flip Charts 8 Stationary sets ( Pens, pencils, sharpener, eraser, highlighter, cartridge holders, etc ) 8 Transcripts of the usher for carry oning FGDs 16 Transcripts of the usher for carry oning Interviews 35 Transcripts of written consent signifiers 40 Tape recording equipments 10 Field note books for taking notes 50 Bags for field staff 10 Envelops 50 Log Books 8 Computers 4 Printer 1 Printing documents 6 Ink Cartilage 2 Rental auto and fuel 2Human ResourcesTraining ResourcesMaterialsTravelingTimetable for the research:UndertakingsW1 W2 W3 W4 W1 W2 W3 W4 W1 W2 W3 W4 W1 W2 W3 W4 W1 W2 W3 W4 W1 W2 W3 W4 Literature reappraisal Search for Research squad Develop research protocol Data-collection tools development Pretesting data-collection tools Recruitment of Research squad Develop preparation Faculty Prepare developing Kit Traning agreements Train Field squad Booking for travell Pilot-testing field vist Purchase field demands Reaching the local governments Data aggregation Advancement studies Review the collected informations Feedback to the squad Datas Entry Translation Datas Analysis Report composing Drumhead authorship Drumhead distribution in cardinal stakeholders & A ; libraries Behavior Workshops/Seminars to circulate the findingsResearch Time-tableSeptemberOctoberNovemberDecemberJanuaryFebruaryBudgetBudget ClassPer Unit Cost in US $No.of Unit of measurementsBudget RequiredHUMAN RESOURCESSenior Researcher 3000 1 3000 Research Coordinator 2500 1 2500 Field Supervisor for Research 60 X 1 = 60 60 X 60 3600 Research Assistant 40X8 = 320 320 X 60 19200 Research Trainer 500 1 500 Data entry/typing clerks 150 X 4 = 600 600 X 3 1800 Administrator 1500 150 X 4 600Sub Total31200MATERIALS & A ; EQUIPMENTSStationary sets ( Pens, pencils, sharpener, eraser, highlighter, cartridge holders, etc ) 2 8 16 Transcripts of the usher for carry oning FGDs 0.5 16 8 Transcripts of the usher for Interviews 0.5 35 18 Transcripts of written consent signifiers 0.5 40 20 Tape recording equipments 20 10 200 Field note books for taking notes 1 50 50 Bags for field staff 5 10 50 Envelops ( for tapes and note book )A50 5 Log Book – day-to-day study to supervisorA8 8 Computers 300 4 1200 Printer 160 1 160 Printer documents box 10 6 60 Printer Ink Cartilage 50 2 100Sub Total1895Training COSTSTraining Room / projector 50 1X6X50 300 Training Material 5 16 80 Refreshments 6 16 ten 6 yearss 96 Training somersault chartsA8 16Sub Total492Travel COSTSCar lease and fuel 25 25 X 60 1500Sub Total1500Operating expense COSTSASub Total5000DISSEMINATION OF RESULTSASub Total1000GRAND TOTAL41087

Pyrrhus, the Pyrrhic War, and the Defense of Tarentum

Spartas one colony, Tarentum, in Italy, was a wealthy commercial center with a navy, but an inadequate army. When a Roman squadron of ships arrived at the coast of Tarentum, in violation of a treaty of 302 that denied Rome access to its harbor, the Tarentines sank the ships, killed the admiral, and added insult to injury by spurning Roman ambassadors. To retaliate, the Romans marched on Tarentum, which hired soldiers from King Pyrrhus of Epirus (in modern Albania) to help defend it. Pyrrhus troops were heavy-armed foot soldiers with lances, a cavalry, and a herd of elephants. They fought the Romans in the summer of 280 B.C. The Roman legions were equipped with (ineffective) short swords, and the Roman cavalry horses couldnt stand against the elephants. The Romans were routed, losing about 7000 men, but Pyrrhus lost perhaps 4000, whom he couldnt afford to lose. Despite his diminished manpower, Pyrrhus advanced from Tarentum to the city of Rome. Arriving there, he realized he had made a mistake and asked for peace, but his offer was rejected. Soldiers had always come from the propertied classes, but under the blind censor Appius Claudius, Rome now drew troops from citizens without property. Appius Claudius was from a family whose name was known throughout Roman history. The gens produced Clodius Pulcher (92-52 B.C.) the flamboyant tribune whose gang caused trouble for Cicero, and the Claudians in the Julio-Claudian dynasty of Roman emperors. An evil early Appius Claudius pursued and brought a fraudulent legal decision against a free woman, Verginia, in 451 B.C. They trained through the winter and marched in the spring of 279, meeting Pyrrhus near Ausculum. Pyrrhus again won by virtue of his elephants and again, at great cost to himself -- a Pyrrhic victory. He returned to Tarentum and again asked Rome for peace. A couple of years later, Pyrrhus attacked Roman troops near Malventum/Beneventum; this time, unsuccessfully. Defeated, Pyrrhus left with the surviving fraction of the troops he had brought with him. When the garrison Pyrrhus had left behind in Tarentum departed in 272, Tarentum fell to Rome. In the terms of their treaty, Rome did not require the people of Tarentum to supply troops, as it did with most allies, but instead Tarentum had to provide ships. Rome now controlled Magna Graecia in the south, as well as most of the rest of Italy to the Gauls in the north. Source: A History of the Roman Republic, by Cyril E. Robinson, NY Thomas Y. Crowell Company Publishers: 1932

Bis 220 Week 2 Information Systems Proposal Essay example

Week 2 – Information Systems Proposal Take Me Back When Record Store A Business Proposal to Establish A New Nostalgic Music Store Prepared for Shelli Smith Potential Business Partner and Co-Owner Prepared by Cindy Johnson Entrepreneur October 11, 2012 Proposal Number: CJ20-01 Table of Contents Background 4 Objective 4 Goals 4 Proposed Inventory 5 Information Systems Table 6 Information Systems Overview 7 Summary 8 Background Shelli Smith and Cindy Johnson have been best friends and co-workers for over 30 years. One of their long time passions they’ve shared together over†¦show more content†¦An Expert System is software that uses understanding clarification methods in areas where individuals would generally be checked. Each system is broken down in detailed problem fields. The disadvantage to this system is that the information of the fields is narrow. 2. Management Information Systems is a system that contains technology, information, and people, which are used to resolve business problems, such as the price of a product or other problems. 3. The Executive Dashboard is a computer interface that arranges information in an easy-to-read format. This system also delivers key performance meters that corporate directors need to run an effective business. 4. The Functional Area Information System is a compilation of smaller systems that are designed to perform certain activities by the marketi ng, sales, and payroll divisions that permit the wholeShow MoreRelatedBis 220 Introduction to Computer Applications and Systems /Complete Class1089 Words   |  5 PagesBIS 220 Introduction To Computer Applications and Systems /Complete Class Click Link below To Purchase: http://homework-aid.com/BIS-220-Complete-Class-256.htm BIS 220 Week 1 Individual Information Technology Acts Paper Select two of the following acts to research: †¢ Do Not Call Implementation Act, 2003 †¢ Controlling the Assault of Non-solicited Pornography and Marketing (CAN-SPAM) Act, 2003 †¢ Federal Information Security Management Act (FISMA), 2002 †¢ Uniting and Strengthening AmericaRead MoreInternal Logistics as Part of Supply Chain13971 Words   |  56 Pageslogistics performance, which is based on the responsiveness of internal information exchange, implementation of company strategy and enhancement the professional skills of employees. Key words: Logistics, internal logistics, supply chain, logistics process, performance measurement, Nokia-China, Dongguan Branch ABBREVIATIONS CIP Carriage Paid To CIQ Custom Immigration Quarantine COO Country of Origin C wk Current Week DDU Delivered Duty Unpaid DN Deliver Note EDI ElectronicRead MoreThe Super Project7290 Words   |  30 PagesFinance MBA − Cases in Corporate Finance The Super Project (HBS) Instructor: Pà ¥l E. Korsvold BI Norwegian School of Management McGraw-Hill/Irwin abc McGraw−Hill Primis ISBN: 0−390−68861−4 Text: Harvard Business School Negotiation Cases This book was printed on recycled paper. Finance http://www.mhhe.com/primis/online/ Copyright  ©2006 by The McGraw−Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States CopyrightRead MoreThe Essentials of Project Management65719 Words   |  263 PagesESSENTIALS OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT SECOND EDITION The Essentials of Project Management Second Edition Dennis Lock Gower O Dennis Lock 2001 A l rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, l stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the permission of the publisher. First published 1996 This edition published by Gower Publishing Limited Gower House Croft Road AldershotRead MoreContract and Pacific Oil27838 Words   |  112 PagesFontaines reply. Kelsey asked him to repeat what he had said. OK, OK, calm down, Jean. I can see your point of view. I appreciate the pressures youre under. But I sure dont like the looks of it from this end. Keep in touchIll talk to you early next week. In the meantime, I will see what others at the office think about this turn of events. Frank Kelsey hung up the phone. He sat pensively, staring out at the rain pounding on the window. Poor Fontaine, he muttered to himself. Hes so anxious to pleaseRead MoreCost Management Test Questions Suggested Solutions21056 Words   |  85 PagesQuestion: 1 Bharata Ltd is considering proposals for design changes in one of a range of soft toys. The proposals are as follows: (a) Eliminate some of the decorative stitching from the toy. (b) Use plastic eyes instead of glass eyes in th e toys (two eyes per toy). (c) Change the filling material used. It is proposed that scrap fabric left over from the body manufacture be used instead of the synthetic material which is currently used. The design change proposals have been considered by the managementRead MoreCentra software 502009 PDF ENG Essay7368 Words   |  30 Pagesorder copies or request permission to reproduce materials, call 1-800-545-7685, write Harvard Business School Publishing, Boston, MA 02163, or go to http://www.hbsp.harvard.edu. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, used in a spreadsheet, or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise—without the permission of Harvard Business School. This document is authorized for educator review use only by FatimaRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 PagesCONTENTS: CASE STUDIES CASE STUDY 1 Midsouth Chamber of Commerce (A): The Role of the Operating Manager in Information Systems CASE STUDY I-1 IMT Custom Machine Company, Inc.: Selection of an Information Technology Platform CASE STUDY I-2 VoIP2.biz, Inc.: Deciding on the Next Steps for a VoIP Supplier CASE STUDY I-3 The VoIP Adoption at Butler University CASE STUDY I-4 Supporting Mobile Health Clinics: The Children’s Health Fund of New York City CASE STUDY I-5 Read MoreToyota Supply Chain78751 Words   |  316 PagesTOYOTA’S RENOWNED SYSTEM ANANTH V. IYER SRIDHAR SESHADRI ROY VASHER New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto Copyright  © 2009 by Ananth V. Iyer, Sridhar Seshadri, and Roy Vasher. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the priorRead MorePractical Guide to Market Research62092 Words   |  249 Pageswhich it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser. A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 1-905529-30-9 Contents Page Preface Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Bibliography The Basics of Market Research Research Objectives Research Design An Introduction to Research Methodologies Introduction to Qualitative Research